Urea fertilizer, a widely used nitrogen-based fertilizer, plays a crucial role in modern agriculture due to its high nitrogen content, which is essential for plant growth.  Comprising approximately 46% nitrogen, urea is valued for its efficiency and cost-effectiveness in providing this vital nutrient. Nitrogen is a fundamental component of amino acids, proteins, and chlorophyll, making it indispensable for photosynthesis and overall plant development. The high nitrogen content in urea allows farmers to achieve significant crop yields with relatively small quantities of the fertilizer, making it an economical choice for both small-scale and large-scale farming operations. The production of urea involves the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide at high temperatures and pressures, resulting in a highly concentrated and stable nitrogen source. This synthesis process, known as the Haber-Bosch process, has revolutionized fertilizer production, enabling the mass manufacture of urea and contributing to the global increase in food production. Once applied to the soil, urea undergoes hydrolysis, converting into ammonium and then into nitrate, both of which are forms readily absorbed by plants. This transformation process ensures that the nitrogen is available to plants over an extended period, promoting sustained growth and productivity.However, the use of urea fertilizer is not without challenges. One of the primary concerns is nitrogen loss through volatilization and leaching. When urea is applied to the soil surface and not adequately incorporated, it can volatilize into the atmosphere as ammonia gas, reducing its effectiveness and contributing to air pollution. Additionally, if urea is applied in excessive amounts or under conditions of heavy rainfall, nitrogen can leach into groundwater, posing environmental risks such as waterway eutrophication. To mitigate these issues, best management practices, such as appropriate timing, application methods, and the use of urease inhibitors, are recommended to enhance nitrogen use efficiency and minimize environmental impacts.In recent years, advancements in urea fertilizer technology have focused on improving its efficiency and environmental sustainability. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs), such as coated urea and slow-release formulations, have been developed to reduce nitrogen losses and provide a more controlled release of nutrients. These innovations aim to match the nutrient supply with the crop’s demand more precisely, thereby improving yield outcomes and reducing the ecological footprint of nitrogen fertilization. As global agricultural practices continue to evolve, the role of urea fertilizer, coupled with innovative technologies and sustainable management practices, remains vital in meeting the growing food demands while safeguarding environmental health.